URI: Global Identity
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Resources
Spec
RFC 3986: URI Generic Syntax - The definitive spec. Defines the syntax of URIs (scheme, authority, path, query, fragment).
RFC 3987: IRI Internationalized Resource Identifiers - Extension of URI to support Unicode characters.
In Semantic Web
W3C RDF 1.2 Concepts: Section on IRIs - How URIs are used as the identity layer in RDF triples.
Others
W3C: URIs, URLs, and URNs - Clarifies the confusing URI vs URL vs URN distinction.
Tim Berners-Lee: Cool URIs Don't Change - Design principles for long-lived URIs. Short and opinionated.
Tim Berners-Lee: Linked Data Principles - The four rules for publishing data on the web, all built on URIs.